How GPS Trackers Work: Technology, Components, and Real-World Uses

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Discover how GPS trackers work, from signal triangulation to data transmission. Learn their range, features, and practical uses for vehicles, people, and assets

What is a GPS tracker?

gps map ,man using a smartphone displaying a map in a car gps navigation system

A GPS tracker is a portable device that enables you to monitor and keep track of its location. They are used in a wide range of settings, with vehicle tracking in private ownership and fleet operations being the most common applications.

GPS trackers rely on global positioning system technology to track the current location and trip history of a vehicle or any item they are attached to. The location data can be accessed by broadcasting to smartphones, computers, and tablets.

How GPS trackers work

If you want to know how a GPS tracker works, the following points should answer your question.

Signal triangulation with satellites

Internet satellites orbit the Earth Satellite technology communication concept 3D illustration

The GPS tracking technology involves the use of a network of satellites to triangulate the location of a GPS tracker. The process of trilateration works by using the position of three or more satellites and the distance of the GPS device from these satellites. These satellites are part of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network. The data includes the longitude, latitude, time, and altitude of the device.

Data transmission methods

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It is widely considered that GPS trackers rely only on satellites to communicate the data on location. However, these devices use multiple satellites to calculate data on location, direction, and speed and then report that data using cellular networks. At the same time, it is important to know that there are “pure satellite” GPS trackers that both calculate and report the above-mentioned data using satellites. Cellular networks are not used by these trackers for data transmission. Such GPS tracking devices are mostly used by companies and agencies that require large asset tracking in areas with limited or no cell coverage.

Key components of a GPS tracker

A better understanding of how a GPS tracker works requires knowing its key components. The most important components of a GPS tracker are as follows:

GPS receiver and processor

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GPS receivers are responsible for interpreting the signals received from GPS satellites for calculating precise navigation data. They provide you with the information on the device’s accurate position. Receivers rely on signals from different satellites to carry out trilateration.

Memory and power supply

Memory is an important component of GPS trackers. This is where the software code and data are stored on the tracking device. Both RAM and ROM are used in these devices. RAM is used for storing programs and data that needs to be modified and can later be erased. It is volatile memory and retains the data as long as it is being powered.

ROM, on the other hand, is used for storing the tracking device’s program code or firmware. The software is required for running the device and cannot be erased or modified.

The power supply is another important component of GPS trackers. It powers the tracking device to work and transmit location data. There are different types of power sources including:

Vehicle power
Solar panels
Batteries

GPS trackers are most commonly powered by batteries. They are convenient power sources and can be readily recharged and replaced. Vehicle-powered GPS trackers are usually used in fleet management applications where an installation is involved. GPS for work trucks connected to the vehicle’s electrical system can receive consistent power without having to rely on recharging.

Sensors for added data insights

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Some GPS trackers are designed to be integrated with sensors that detect and report data on temperature, speed, vibration, and/or humidity. These sensors can find applications in different scenarios. For example, they can be used to monitor the condition of goods during transportation. They can be used for tracking heavy equipment usage.

Factors affecting GPS range

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A GPS tracker’s range depends on various factors, including signal strength, the environment, and device sensitivity. Terrain, trees, and buildings can work as obstructions that affect signal reception. Satellite coverage and the device’s antenna quality can also affect its range.

As a general rule, there is no distance limit on GPS tracking performance under a good GPS signal. As a general rule, real-time GPS trackers with the ideal line-of-sight cellular coverage can provide accurate information up to 6 feet.

When it comes to trilateral measurements, several factors can affect the accuracy of measuring each circle. For example, hilly terrain or dense forests can affect the satellite’s line of sight. The availability of the number of satellites is also an important factor.

Hardware and software are also important factors, as certain GPS tracker models can perform better than others. The frequency of GPS location data with the satellites also affects the device’s accuracy.

Common types of GPS trackers

The most commonly used GPS trackers are as follows:

Personal trackers for people and pets

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The personal application of GPS trackers can include monitoring the locations of people and pets. Small GPS tracking devices are often helpful to families for keeping tabs on each other, especially to ensure a family member’s safety. For example, GPS trackers are often used where individuals with special needs or the elderly are involved who need to take frequent walks alone.

Portable, personal GPS tracking devices are among the smallest GPS trackers and can be easily kept in a backpack or worn on the body.

Vehicle trackers for anti-theft and fleet management

Vehicle GPS trackers are designed to track vehicles for anti-theft or fleet management purposes. These are the most commonly used GPS tracking devices and are available in different forms. OBD trackers can be plugged into the vehicle while hardwired units need to be connected to the vehicle’s power. These devices provide data on vehicle location, speed, and routes. Companies use GPS tracking for work vehicles for asset tracking to keep track of inventory movement, ensure security, prevent loss or theft, or plan efficient routes.

How does an AirTag work compared to GPS trackers?

When discussing GPS trackers, the question of AirTags often arises in one’s mind. Understanding key differences between the two can make things easier.

AirTag’s technology: Bluetooth vs. GPS

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So, compared to a GPS tracker how does AirTag work? As mentioned above, GPS trackers have GNSS satellites as their source of information. On the other hand, AirTags are different in that they do not use GPS for location data. The Apple Find My Network uses Bluetooth signals for detecting and identifying items. It works by sending location data to iCloud.

Use cases and limitations

A man makes use of GPS and the internet. online map in the car controls the navigator for GPS tracking.

AirTags allow you to track different types of items. You can view the accurate location of the AirTag with the help of the Find My app. It can be helpful for those who carry items such as car keys or backpacks that can be easily lost.

On the other hand, GPS trackers can be used for tracking the position of any type of object. For example, they are often used for locating vehicles as well as stored goods. They can also be used for tracking containers.

GPS tracking devices can monitor a vehicle’s location, route, and even driving behavior. This can make it easier to detect a theft. This is something that cannot be done with the help of AirTags.

Factors impacting GPS tracker performance

The performance of a GPS tracker can be affected by the following factors:

Atmospheric conditions and signal blockages

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Fog, snow, and heavy rain are capable of absorbing or scattering GPS signals. This can affect the accuracy of data provided by GPS trackers. The presence of water droplets in the atmosphere can interfere with the direction of GPS signals. Even solar flares and other factors affecting the ionosphere can cause signal delays and affect data accuracy.

Variations in humidity and temperature in the troposphere can also cause signal delays. The seasonable impact on vegetation can also affect signals and the accuracy of GPS data.

Physical obstructions, such as mountains, dense forests, and tall buildings, can also affect GPS signals. Signals can bounce off the structure’s surface and get blocked. When signals bounce off surfaces, the tracker may interpret them as signals from a different satellite, causing errors in calculations.

Quality of the device

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The GPS tracking device’s quality and features also affect its performance. The positioning capability is an important factor here. This includes the number of GNSS systems and the frequency bands supported affect the receiver’s performance. The greater the numbers, the better the receiver’s performance tends to be.

Additional factors include:

Antenna performance
Number of satellite tracking channels
Position algorithm

When choosing a GPS tracker, look for units with receivers that can trace more satellites.

Conclusion

GPS trackers find applications in different settings. Whether you need it for individual usage or for fleet management, it can serve different purposes. When it comes to fleet management, GPS tracking can help plan routes, minimize fuel expenses, increase productivity and safety, and increase customer satisfaction. Now that you know how a GPS tracker works, it can become easier to make the right choice for your needs.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do GPS trackers require a subscription?
While most GPS trackers need a monthly subscription, many brands do not require it.

Do GPS trackers need a SIM card?
GPS trackers do need a SIM card for cellular connectivity. These tracking devices require a cellular network to transmit the data they gather.

How do GPS trackers communicate?
GPS trackers communicate via cellular networks.

What is the difference between a tracker and a GPS tracker?
Trackers and GPS trackers differ in terms of their application, range, and accuracy.

How much data does a tracker use per month?
The amount of data usage depends on the frequency of location updates. However, a standard GPS tracker can use around 30MB of data every month.